By the late 17th century, England was in desperate need of a more stable financial system. Years of war with France, rising government debt, and an increasing reliance on trade and banking made it clear that traditional methods of financing—such…
By the 17th century, the massive flow of gold from the Americas and expanding global trade networks made it increasingly difficult for merchants and governments to rely solely on physical gold coins. Carrying large amounts of gold for transactions was…
As Spain’s conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires flooded Europe with gold, the Spanish Crown needed a way to standardize and control its vast wealth. In response, Spain introduced two of the most influential gold coins in history: These…
Spain conquered the Aztec and Inca Empires in the early 16th century triggered one of the largest gold inflows in history, transforming the European economy and global trade. The fall of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) under Hernán Cortés and the…
