Category 4. The Crusades & the Return of Gold (1095–1300 CE)

During the Crusades (1095–1300 CE), European armies not only fought for control of the Holy Land but also came into contact with the advanced economies of the Middle Eastern gold coins. The gold dinar of the Islamic Caliphates and the…

The Crusades (1095–1300 CE) were a series of military campaigns launched by European Christian states to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule. While their primary goal was religious and territorial conquest, the Crusades had an unintended yet profound economic…